Natural Crises

As we discussed about the geology, topography and the pattern of rainfall. These factors make the district prone to both drought and flood.

Hamirpur is roughly bounded by rivers on three sides. Betwa river tributaries with rain at the time the water rises too. Which sometimes increases dangerously. As in 2013 .

In the  district, The problem is rapidly growing  by erratic rainfall and very low  forest cover. Thus , the natural problems like drought, flood and earthqueack are occurs in every few years. The pattern and extent of drought and flood in the district over a period of 10 years is really shocking.

1966-67 Drought
1967-68 flood
1968-69 Drought
1969-70 Drought
1970-71 flood
1971-72 Excessive rains, then failure of rains and drought
1972-73 Drought
1973-74 Drought
1974-75 Excessive rains, then failure of rains and drought
1975-76 Excessive rains, then failure of rains and drought

There is earthquakes reports too in district. Severe famine hit the region in 1905-07, so that the population of Banda and Jalaun districts reduced to half, due to migration to other parts of UP. Severe floods were experienced in 1992.

Probably the poor rainfall recorded in Hamirpur was in 2004-2007, when below average and erratic rain was reported in most parts of the region. 

It is assumed that 70% of the region's tanks and ponds had dried up there was a steep fall in groundwater levels. Hence the grain production decreases.The labour migration increased from to other location after sowing whear.

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Flora And Fauna

The natural Flora and Fauna get impacted by the diversity of soil types and climate.

Hamirpur's climate is affected by monsoon.so  has a monsoon climate, so there are majority of intensively deciduous forest. As we already discussed that Hamirpur comes in plain area including some southern part.

80% part of Hamirpur's Plain sub-region, there is practically no forest land.However, very little  forest remains in Hamirpur today, only in the middle area like Beri, Bajehta, Kudra and Bhedi ganj. Less than 8% of the land is notified as forest land And wild animals have become a rare sight.

In plain sub-region areas of Hamirpur districts, along the banks of rivers like Betwa and Yamuna, we see acacias like babul and khair, palas, ber, tendu, mahua, semal and kardhai. 

while Hamirpur's southern part contains Bushes type vegetation  which include Babool, Karaunda, and plum.

Another very useful tree for people living around forests is mahua. It is an important source of food and livelihood for people living in and around forests.

sometimes Jackal, Peacock, wanrojh, monkeys, Neel gaay, wild pig and wild cat are seen.

A wide range of fish is found in Hamirpur's rivers, including species known locally as rahu, bhadur, mrigal, tingar, singahi, mangur, awda, baam, sooja, sinni, padheen and mahasir.

The Forest are disappearing as it is facing high pressure from the growing human population living in which removing firewood illegally. Forests and scrub lands are intensively used by to source firewood for consumption and sale.Also cattle is generally left loose to graze around the borders of the notified reserve resulting in degradation of the forest cover area.

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Grass Lands

Hamirpur have some stretches of grasslands, which used as pastures or grazing land'.Significant area of permanent pastures is not found anywhere in the districts, except in the southern portion of the district but according to State of Forest Report 2005 District have 1.6% Moderately dense forest and 2.6% open forest is Considered as grasslands .

generally the noncultivated land which produces grasses like doob (Cynodon dactylon),  and the kans (Saccharum spontaneum) turns to grass land.

Kail and mushial are found in black soil in plain areas.while kans (kansa), an invasive, perennial grass that grows up to three metres in height.does not have any significant area.It is particularly seen after a season of rainfall, and grows rapidly in poorly cultivated soils; it does not generally grow in fields continuously cultivated and carefully prepared for the wheat crop.

Its long and tenacious roots gain a firm hold with the soil and it becomes almost impossible to remove till 12 to 15 years, after which it loses its vitality and the land becomes fit to plough again.No permanent or sure remedy has been found to prevent appearance or growth of kans. The area under permanent pastures has been reducing rapidly, due to high livestock population and pressure to bring more area under cultivation.

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Soil Types In Hamirpur

several kinds of soil are found across Hamirpur. Broadly, the soils fall into following categories:

1- Maar :It is a veriety of black soil.This type of soil contents high organic matter and clay. hence it is good for cultivation without using fertilizers. It is most precious soil.it is mostly found in Muskara. By proper handling it  is suitable for cultivation of gram and jowar.

2-Kabar : It is a black cotton soils and found in three different color. it is highly adhesive due to the clay content. Hence it retains moisture, and quickly turns to dry and into hard blocks.It is mostly found in Hamirpur sub lands as in Sumerpur, muskra and gahrauli. Wheat, gram and rice are cropped on it.

3-Rankar : It found on sloping surfaces of ravine land along river banks.It is a varieties of loamy, alluvial type soil which is suitable for cultivation where irrigation is available. It is a degraded kind of coarse soil found mostly in Rath and Gohand.

4-Purwa : Its type is sandy and variety of red soil,  has some clay content which easily accepts water.It is suited for cultivation of wheat.

5-Kachhar : Dark soils found along river beds and naalas, known as kacchar and tari soils, are used to grow water melons and vegetables.

The above types of soils soils suffers from over-drainage due to a large number of rivers and streams. A number of nalas flowing across the district which makes some parts of land worthless. Land is cut away by fast-flowing water. and flooding leads to loss of  top surface soil.

In Hamirpur, the problem is faced in Rath, Hamirpur and Maudaha tehsils, where a total of 2 lakh hectares, comprising 40% to 60% of the total area is affected. In Mahoba, around 1.5 lakh hectares in Charkhari and Mahoba tehsils is affected, according to data given in the 1988 by Hamirpur district gazetteer.

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Rivers

Yamuna, Betwa, Dhasan, Barma and Ken are the major rivers in hamirpur which plays a direct role in district economy. However some Rivers are dry or almost dry in summer. At Hamirpur average rain discharge of the Betwa is 700000 milion cusec. But it is almost nil in summer.

Hamirpur’s northern boundary is defined by the river Yamuna. It is broad and the flow of water is slower. It enters in Hamirpur at Mishripur. Bhauli,  Patura, Bhanaura and Surauli villages are situated across the river. Yamuna causes destruction during the eainy season as the district south banks are high. People considers it as a holy river. Their length in Hamirpur is proximatelt 77 Km and the water absorbing area is 250 Squire Km.

The Betwa known as Vetrawati in ancient times is the longest river of Hamirpur. It rises from the Vindhya Range near Bhopal districtat on elevation of around 396.24 m above sea level, And meets with Yamuna at Patyora. It forms the western boundary. Dhasan is an important tributary of Betwa. Pauthiya, Morakandar, Bajehta, and Jalalpur are situated across this river. In fact Hamirpur is the basin of Betwa. The total length of the river in Hamirpur is 134.km with the water absorbing area 1500 squire Km. the river flows in curved motion.

The river Dhasan was called Darshana in earlier times which also rises in Bhopal district and joins the Betwa in Jariya.There is dens forest riverside. Kashipur, Jigni, Tola, and Chandwari are situated across the river.  Dhasan flows from south to northward. For the irrigation use Government has created Lahchura dam in it. It covers 71 .km of district.

The Ken flown in ancient times as Karnwati or Shuklwati rises from Damoh and enters the district through Banda. This river keeps a precious stone called ‘Shajar’.it touches the Hamirpur boundry in Gadha, Baijemau,Baksha and chhani. It joins the Yamuna at a place called Chilla ghaat. The length of the ken is aprox 22 km.it forms the boundry between two districts Banda and Hamirpur.

Barma meets with Betwa near Kupra village and flows through the Maudaha and Rath. It rises from the place called Ajner Mahoba.The length of the barma is aprox 94 km.

From an economic point of view Hamirpur rivers are great source of irrigation. Their basins are fertile plains and alluvial are called Maar and Kachhar. Ken River generally causes erosion and creates ravines which contain the garden of “Bilayti Babool”. Rivers are used for mining of sands Ken creates high level land when it meet with Yamuna.

The rivers contributes around…%of water availability in Hamirpur.Yamuna, Betwa and Barma divides the district in three parts. Some other rivers of Hamirpur are

1. Chandrawal river, rises from Belatal, Mahoba and meets with Ken in Pailani. It is a seasonal river which turns to flood in rain. Khanna, Kishwahi and Narayach comes across the river.Its length in the district is 90 Km.
2. Shyam River is also seasonal which become dry in summer. This rises from Kabrai Dam and meets with Chandrawal in Maudaha and affects 10 villages.
3. Arjun River is the tributary of Barma River which rises from Kulpahad, Mahoba.
4. Seeh River is the tributary of Chandrawal rises in Charkhari.  

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Geographical Points.

Hamirpur The gateway of bundelkhand have a unique divercity in its geographical point of view.

Location: Hamirpur District is located at southward in Uttar Pradesh under chitrakoot Mandal. It is a Plateau of middle India situated between Mahoba and Yamuna River. This Southern Part of Yamuna River is called the gateway of Bundelkhand. The district lies between 25°57′N 80°09′E / 25.95°N 80.15°E. District. Hamirpur is bounded by districts Jalaun , Kanpur and Fatehpur in north, Banda in east, Mahoba in south and Districts of Jhansi and Jalaun on the West. The Width from north to south is 45 km and the length of east to west is 70 Km.

Its geographical area is 4223.09 Square Km with the population 1042374 according to 2001 census in which rural population is 869916 (83.46%) and urban population is 172458 (16.54%).

From the Administrative point of view the district divided into three Tahsheels-Hamirpur, Maudaha and Rath. Rath Tahsheel is the The biggest In the district with the area 1608.12 square Km, Maudaha Tahsheel is 1546.16 Square Km and Hamirpur Tahsheel is 1064.25 squire Km.

Structure: Land structure is very important factor while studying any tract of land becouse surface height, soil structure and water flow is affected  directly or indirectly to the invironment and human life.

Major part of the district is plain and deposited soil of river yamuna. District structure is classified into two parts First is ancient deposit and Second is new deposit.

The servey of soil structure near betwa and yamuna Valley tells us that there is variety in olden rocks found in the district. the little part of the soil is derived from the rocks. Granites is abudant insteed of magnesium in the soil. Quartz and Nice these two types of rocks abounds with the granites and magnesium. Granites and Nice are used as a "Gitti"(loose rock). This is available in some part of Rath. according to’ Jhingaran’ (1967)these roks are aprox 1300 milion years old and  are from the past Arawali Mountain times.

Much of the part is formed by the new deposit. The alluvial of Yamuna river is very firtile which contributes in the development of agriculture.  Several rivers shed brings large quantities of red sand and clay. This sand is our financial backbone.

The slope of the district is towards north-west. South tahshil maudaha is 119.7 m above sea level while rath is 157.8 m. district is devided in four pats as per its height.

1.The plain of Betwa and Dhasan : 27% area covered, Loam soil, high population and produce      all   types of grain. Canals are the source of irrigation.

2.The plain of East: 20.39% area covered, better productivity, Railways and roadways is the  lifeline.

3.Plain of Yamuna and Betwa:Also called Trans Yamuna pain, 14.51% covered,

4.Narrow Valley region:4.67% covered, region lies Uncultivated,

Seismicity: No earthquake has been observed in the district during last 200 years. The district has, however experienced on a few occasions earthquakes originating in the Himalayan boundary fault zone. Moradabad fault and Narmada Tapti fault zones.But befor some days on 25 April 2015 at 11:40 AM. people of Hamirpur observed Earthqueack centered at Kathmandu, Nepal.

Climate: The Climate of the district is characterized by an intensely hot summer, a pleasant cold season . The summer season from March to about middle of June is followed by the south-west monsoon season from mid-June to the end of September. October and first half of November constitute the post-monsoon period. The cold season is from mid-November to February.

Temperature: May and the beginning of June are generally the hottest period of the year and maximum temperature in May is about 43°C and minimum about 28°C. The heat during the summer is intense. The maximum temperature on individual days sometimes reaches 45°C or more. During Cold season minimum temperature sometimes drops down to about 2 or 3°C.

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