Shri Dayal Saxena

Shri Dayal Saxena was born in Rath. His father's name was Ram Dayal Saxena. His parents were died in his childhood.so he was looked after by his uncle Gajadhar Prasad Saxena. He was passed middle school in 1938.He was used to wear Khaadi Since Student life.First of all he come to contact with Aarya Samaj after that he became the member of Congress. His education could not proceed because of political movements.

In 1941 due to participation in civil disobedience movement, he was sentenced one year rigorous imprisonment and a penalty of Rs 50.  He Passed jail period in Hamirpur, Basti and Barabanki jails. Saxena ji was injured In Basti jail due to the dispute between the police officials and political prisoners in jail. soon he was transfered to Chunaar Fort with eight other prisoners. He was released from Chunar Fort  on 12 July 1941. He was  re-arrested on 25 September 1941 due to the activities under the Indian security Act . Saxena was sentenced of 6 months imprisonment and a fine of Rs 25. He served this prison sentence in  Hamirpur Jail. Because of their increasing involvement in political activities, on  14 August 1942 The collector of that time Sultan Ahmed Khan, held a peace meeting in Rath.  Saxena took over the program of dissolution of  peace meeting . At that time to create hindrance in the work of British government was a crime and shot at large. 

 Somehow saxena entered into the  peace gathering by changing the look. and up withed Mother India and Mahatma Gandhi with the slogans 'Do or Die' He was also fly the indian flag. The bureaucracy socked. After the dissolution of the peace meating he escaped away. He was arrested in Ghanauri. the current inspector named Ganga Baksa Singh was a bloodthirsty polis man. He tortured him badly.He was interned nearly two and a half years because of this movement. During this period they are in Hamirpur and Unnao jail. It was famous that he prefer dying rather than bend . He died on 23 September 1993.

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Kalpa Taru

Kalpavriksha, Parijaat tree or kalpataru (Adansonia digitata)  tree is situated on the bank of Yamuna River. It is a tree whose average life is more than 2500 years. It is a wish-fulfilling or Boon-Giving divine tree in Hindu mythology.

 It was mentioned in Sanskrit literature (Rig Veda) from the earliest sources onwards. Sage Durvasa meditated under the Kalpavriksha. Shiva's daughter Ashok Sundari was created from Kalpavriksha tree by Parvati, to alleviate her loneliness.

 As per mythology, if you wish anything from this tree, it fulfills the wish. Considered as sacred among Hindus, the tree is believed to have been one of the nine jewels, which were churned out of the sea (Samudra Manthan) by the demons and gods. The king of the gods, Indra, had taken this tree to his paradise. 

Nearly every part of the tree has some medicinal value. Both the fruit and leaves are high in vitamin. It is single and rare in Uttar pradesh district and preserved by adminitration.

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Hamirpur in Nagpur Flag Movement

In 1924 after Chauri Chaura massacre Mahatma Gandhi once said  that he will not start the movement until the environment of violence will not stop in the country. At the same time, some people in Nagpur Civil Lines, was trying to hoist the flag. At that time only British colony was there. They said to the revolutionaries not to fly the flag in civil lines only our flag 'Union Jack' can be flown. The issue rises quickly all over the country,Congress started Jhanda Satyagrah at Nagpur, against the local law prohibiting the use of flag in Nagpur. Soon people from all the states began to reach Nagpur. they were beaten and arrested and were jailed by British on charges of breach act 144 . Agitators from all over the india began to reach there and Nagpur flag movement was started.but no any person from Bundelkhand was reach there. so Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru called Deewan Shatrughan Singh to his home Anand Bhawan Allahabad and demanded some agitators for Nagpur flag movement.

5 revolutionary from Jarakhar was ready to go in Nagpur flag movement. SripatiSahay Rawat, Kirat, Indrajit, pancham Luhar and grove AB. They all dressed and reached Allahabad where Pt Nehru explained about the brutality of police and provided identity card. They reached Nagpur through Jabalpur and Gondia. There were total of 150 volunteers train from Uttar Pradesh. they fly the flag in the train and announced that no one will not remove any of these flags until the single revolutionary alive.Some Englishmen were also traveling in the train. When the train stopped at the Balaghat  station a rail guard  came to the agotators coaches and said "Tum log paidal jana mangta" agitator replied that "hum train se jana mangta lekin jhanda nahi hatana mangta" The train arrived Nagpur at 5 pm .

they all got out through a different gate. Police team surrounded them and beaten through the gun bunk until they were bled. Some people's bones were broken. Shripati Sahay Rawat deeply injured to his chest. After then they were sent to jail by the truck.The Chain of iron were put on at the foot of each Satyagrahis. and provided iron pan to eat and a bowl to drink water. Pot of soil used for the toilet. On the second day in court Section 109 imposed to all of them . Which means to stray-man were sentenced to jail for one year . In Nagpur jail the behavior towards prisoners  was inhumane by the British. The paper was made in jail. Old and useless paper files were put in the tank to rot . These files were attached bu iron pins which  causes the pain.If they refused to do work the jailer trapped by heavy wooden stick between his two legs . thus they feel difficulty in walking and sitting. sometimes they put handcuffs and nailed to the wall. They were given rotten pulses and bread  of coarse flour to eat.

The warden of Nagpur  jail was a resident of Ireland who always used comments on prisoners . on the other hand flag movement was on in full swing. The British began tensioned . He had no idea that this phenomena will spread all over India and will turn to movement. The whole MP jails were filled by the patriots and the case was mounting continuously. A meeting of MP council was held and a bill was passed that the India's national flag can anywhere in India.

A Congress procession was marched out under Makhan Lal Chaturvedi . The British government became silentl and MP government left all the prisionars together. All the five revolutionary of Hamirpur returned to Kulphad by train.

Credits: Samar Gatha by Dr Bhawani deen
Image: www.hoix.org

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Livestock in Hamirpur

Animals are used during sowing, to draw water from wells, and to transport people and goods. Dung is used as fuel. Some supplemental income can come from sale of milk. For these reasons, and also possibly due to traditional Hindu reverence for the cow, Hamirpur has had a high livestock population for ages.

It is often said that there is more livestock than human population in Hamirpur.

High ownership of goats and other animals is not matched by fodder resources. As shown in the table in Land Use in Hamirpur, grazing land in UP Hamirpur is negligible. As a percentage of total area,  it also had more land under forests, which are also used for grazing. This accounts for higher animals per capita in MP Hamirpur. 

Animal husbandry is an integral component of District’s agriculture supporting livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural population. Animals provide nutrient-rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and domestic fuel, hides & skin, and are a regular source of cash income for rural households. They are a natural capital, which can be easily reproduced to act as a living bank with offspring as interest, and an insurance against income shocks of crop failure and natural calamities. Livestock employed 2.2% in the agricultural work force.

Open grazing, including stray grazing, is normal in Hamirpur. during the monsoons, under supervision of  'charwahas' Animals from several neighboring villages are so fed for a period of three to four months.

As a result of all the above factors, overall availability of food for animals in Hamirpur is much below minimum requirement.

Poor food supply is reflected in poor milk yields. The economic value of livestock includes: Meat, Dairy Products, Fiber, Fertilizer, Labor and Land management. Thus, one can say that, overall, the economic benefits of Hamirpur's cattle are largely indirect. Cattle are mostly useful as draught animals. Another important benefit is that they supply cow dung, which is used as compost and fuel, and in flooring of houses.

Nevertheless, there is a large cattle 'stock' from the past, and this along with rising goat population is a reason for big concern as, in the absence of awareness or social  mobilisation to control open grazing, the animals are further reducing the region's diminished natural vegetation. Arguably, Hamirpur's cattle population is more a liability rather than an asset from a macro perspective that looks at long-term effects of environmental degradation.

There has been some talk of turning the cattle stock to an asset through development of a leather industry, but that is a very sensitive issue, especially in Hamirpur's predominantly Hindu cultural ethos. A few NGO efforts have been limited to promoting utilization of 'fallen carcass'.

Rising poultry ownership is a significant trend that has not been capitalized by government, NGOs or organized industry. Poultry rearing in Hamirpur remains a 'backyard' activity unsupported by sizeable investments in breeding, hatching, rearing, processing, or complementary supply of veterinary health services, poultry feed, and poultry equipment.

Fishing is done, mainly by scheduled caste groups like Dhimar, in the numerous tanks and ponds of the region, especially in Yamuna River.

Fishing leases are given to fishermen's cooperative societies but quite often, the societies are controlled by big landlords or powerful musclemen ('dabangs'). The fishermen themselves do not own the boats or nets they use; these are owned by the well-off landlords, who pay the fishermen daily wages and take away all the earnings from the catch. The fishermen do all the work, from breeding to selling in local markets. In many other cases, the fishermen are controlled by middlemen who finance the business.

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Surendra Datt Bajpeyi

Surendra Dutt Bajpeyi was born in Bharwa Sumerpur. His Father Balbhadra Bajpeyi was a head master of a middle school. He qualified higher education of Cambridge. He was Talented and passionate from childhood.

He had the spirit of patriotism and the love for social backward classes. As a result of the inspiration gained He followed Congress and made Banda his working Land.He published a letter 'Satyagrahi'.On that time two news papers 'Bundelkhand Keshari' and 'Satyagrahi' were belching the fire against British rule.He was Arrested in 1990 under the press act and  British government sentenced him to 6 months in jail.he published 'Satyagrahi after releasing from the jail.consequently once again he arested on 1932 and sent to jail for one year.In 1940 he passes his jail life with Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru and R.S Pandit in Luchnow Camp jail. He wad detonated in 1942 in Agra Jail.

After independence in 1948, Bajpai was appointed private secretary of Govind Vallabh Pant. Pant was so impressed with his guileless habits and attitude that he was elected for the Legislative Assembly in 1952 through the Congress party. And from 1952 to 1967 he was remain M.L.A.he done social service with a Selfless sense. In 1948 he became In-charge of regional board. Lal Bahadur Shastri was always loving him.In his whole life of 67 years he was Diligent and honest.His main Character in his personality that he believed in fresh politics.he does not like violence in politics.He did not compromise with the doctrines of his life. He followed the virtue of social service life time.

This is why he was recognize as diligent, honest and better politician.he never done money related politics in his intire life.

The thatched house where he was born, it still stands which vouched his honesty. There was nothing done in Bharwa Sumerpur to preserved his memory. He was died on 31 August 1979.

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Tourist Location

Bundelkhand has an identity of its own in History, and Hamirpur is the gateway of Bundelkhand so many historical places are scattered around this region. Some of them are

Rath: This region belongs to Pandawa in Mahabharat period. This region is called Virat puri at that time. Keechaka was killed by Bheem.

Dhanauri: The cows of the king  Virat  was abducted from Gnauri village which is located at Rath. Ghanauri's previous name is Dhenu-hari. There is two meeting halls of Chandelas and a Barah Khambha. 

Mosque of Aurangjeb:There is a mosque in Rath Build by Aurangjeb.

Bade Peer: At the time of Aurangzeb, A religious person  bring a brick of  a famous shrine of Sekh Abdul Qadir Jilani from Baghdad and made a Dargaah.

Daanu Mamu: At the time of British rule. Sumer Singh Lodhi and Awanti Bai started the freedom struggle from this place. Awanti bai was the first lady of this place who helped and supported Maharani Laxmi Bai. Sumer Singh was hanged on Maurani Pur. His mausoleum built hare at Danu Mamu in Budhauliya pura.

Swami Brahmanand Monument: Social reformer swami Brahmanand's Working place is rath. A monument was built in the premises of his degree college.

Gandhi Ashram:The sign of Dewwan Shatrughan Singh's Social work is the Gandhi Ashram, Gandhi School and Hindi Bhawan in Kalpi.

Gadhi Mangrauth: The name was derived from the Magar (crocodiles) lived here. In the last of 12^th century Rajaram inhabited in Magrauth from Rajasthan. His son Babu Singh had created a fort of Ramgarh, Mangrauth fortress and a place in th sake of his father near the Manjhgawan village across the dhasan river.

Gadhi Jigni: Babu Singh who comes from Mount Abu, the pratihar king had made his second fort in Jigni.

Maudaha: Maudha is mentioned as a stronghold in times of Chandelas. It is said that it covered by huge trees in the past with the abundance of honey.thus its name turns to Maudaha.In Mughal period,this region is well known for the breeding and raising of elephants. There is a Hathi Darwaja of Mughal Period for the treatment of mad elephants.

Mudkata Baba: It is a Dargah of Nawab Senapati Daler Khan situated at mankraon road it is called Mudkata Baba.

Elephant door in Hamirpur: Chandel Chandel King Hammir Varman had build a fort at the bank of river Yamuna to stop the invaders. Which was destroyed in flood only stairs of the castle and Hathi Darwaja are remain.

Badan pur: The founder of hamirpur come from Alwar and stayed in a home of Ahir Badna and involved in his social work. This place is called Badan pur by the name of Badna.

Bhuiyan Rani: In Jhalokhar village Near a  small deep lake shore, there is a temple of Bhuiyan Rani. The soil have such properties so that the body has become dust off many diseases.

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Female in workforce

I'm not saying about hamirpurites, but the people who are not belong to this tract of land will amazed in this topic. This topic is dedicated to femalehood who earns for the livelihood of their family.

Working women

The proportion of women in the workforce in Hamirpur is generally higher than the state average.

While, according to Census 2001, female workers constituted  75 % of the total population of district.

This may indicate that cultural norms which discourage women from working in UP are not generally as deeply rooted in Hamirpur. However, higher female work participation could also be seen as sign of higher economic vulnerability. It is also an indicator of lower enrollment of girls in schools, as working girls are also considered 'workers'.



Some Female workers are in private sector factories like Rimjhim Steel Plant and Hans coasting. They are also engaged in small industrial units and businesses.

Here are some areas where you are most likely to see female working:

Farm girl

1. Farming: It is the biggest employer for women. An estimated 70% of women work in agriculture. The majority of them are involved in crop farming, while the rest rear livestock.

2. Handlooms product: Roughly 10% of working women are in manufacturing,

3. Construction: Hamirpurites used to seeing women carrying bricks or freshly-mixed cement on baskets on their heads will not be surprised to find that construction is the third-largest employer of women, with 5% of working women.

4. Schools: Educated and skilled females are working in education. most of them in primary education& some are imparting their services in private schools.

5. Bissiness : Few women work in vegitable markets, food stores, hawkers and other bussiness activities.

6. Housework: Some women imparting household services like massage of pregnant lady and house sweeper.

7. Art services: The women who are skilled in beauty treatments, tailoring, sewing, Croatia art and designs.

8. Stone workers: Stone sills are created by females in Bharwa Sumerpur. As with the rest of the working population  the majority of female workers are employed in agriculture. Of note is the number of women who work mainly as cultivators

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Employment Resources

Hamirpur rank among the least developed regions of the state, with low industrialization and low urbanization. Agriculture is the main occupation in Hamirpur. As the table below shows, according to Census 2001, percentage of main workers engaged in agriculture, as cultivators or laborers, was less than.

For the agriculture conditions are not good for growth of cash crops like sugarcane and cotton. Productivity is affected by the poor irrigation and the soil types. Rising input costs and frequent incidence of drought are pushing agricultural laborers and small farmers out of agriculture.

The majority of rural households are depend for income by migrate to other place. Increased migration and increased use of tractors (hired or owned) would account for the significant reduction in the percentage of agriculture laborers between 1991 and 2001 in Hamirpur and near about districts.

Some depends in Other work' includes working in government service, private sector factories in Bharwa Sumerpur, small industrial units, and businesses like trading. Other work also includes working as labor in stone quarries at Kabrai and Mahoba.

No any industries paying sufficient amount of pay for the livelihood. and Service industry was limited also.

The Chart below shows employment sources of non-agricultural main workers.The breakup of main workers is according to their 'main' occupation. In the fishing, 

forestry and mining sectors, there are many more workers engaged as casual or occasional workers. 

The mining sector also employs a large number of migrant workers, from other districts or other states. This employment is not reflected in figures.

• The blue area shows the total main worker.

• 'Red are indulge in Agriculture.

Many degee holdar youth is under unemployment. As has been said that Hamirpur have the lackness of employment resources. Industrial units in Bharwa Sumerpur is vanishing. Most of which is left other states people working. Most unemployed are working in Delhi and Sural city. Government plans and programs are useless as it not helpful in generating employment.Figurs of Employment Office published in Amar Ujala Newspaper confirms it. since the start of Employment office the total registration is 66474 in which 15001 are women and 51474 are male.these 15 001 66 475 women and 51 474 men Berojagaro is the registration is made. In these days employment office employed just 280 people. In which the number of women is nill.

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Flora And Fauna

The natural Flora and Fauna get impacted by the diversity of soil types and climate.

Hamirpur's climate is affected by monsoon.so  has a monsoon climate, so there are majority of intensively deciduous forest. As we already discussed that Hamirpur comes in plain area including some southern part.

80% part of Hamirpur's Plain sub-region, there is practically no forest land.However, very little  forest remains in Hamirpur today, only in the middle area like Beri, Bajehta, Kudra and Bhedi ganj. Less than 8% of the land is notified as forest land And wild animals have become a rare sight.

In plain sub-region areas of Hamirpur districts, along the banks of rivers like Betwa and Yamuna, we see acacias like babul and khair, palas, ber, tendu, mahua, semal and kardhai. 

while Hamirpur's southern part contains Bushes type vegetation  which include Babool, Karaunda, and plum.

Another very useful tree for people living around forests is mahua. It is an important source of food and livelihood for people living in and around forests.

sometimes Jackal, Peacock, wanrojh, monkeys, Neel gaay, wild pig and wild cat are seen.

A wide range of fish is found in Hamirpur's rivers, including species known locally as rahu, bhadur, mrigal, tingar, singahi, mangur, awda, baam, sooja, sinni, padheen and mahasir.

The Forest are disappearing as it is facing high pressure from the growing human population living in which removing firewood illegally. Forests and scrub lands are intensively used by to source firewood for consumption and sale.Also cattle is generally left loose to graze around the borders of the notified reserve resulting in degradation of the forest cover area.

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Grass Lands

Hamirpur have some stretches of grasslands, which used as pastures or grazing land'.Significant area of permanent pastures is not found anywhere in the districts, except in the southern portion of the district but according to State of Forest Report 2005 District have 1.6% Moderately dense forest and 2.6% open forest is Considered as grasslands .

generally the noncultivated land which produces grasses like doob (Cynodon dactylon),  and the kans (Saccharum spontaneum) turns to grass land.

Kail and mushial are found in black soil in plain areas.while kans (kansa), an invasive, perennial grass that grows up to three metres in height.does not have any significant area.It is particularly seen after a season of rainfall, and grows rapidly in poorly cultivated soils; it does not generally grow in fields continuously cultivated and carefully prepared for the wheat crop.

Its long and tenacious roots gain a firm hold with the soil and it becomes almost impossible to remove till 12 to 15 years, after which it loses its vitality and the land becomes fit to plough again.No permanent or sure remedy has been found to prevent appearance or growth of kans. The area under permanent pastures has been reducing rapidly, due to high livestock population and pressure to bring more area under cultivation.

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Poverty in Hamirpur

"Dalit, Harijan, SC & ST". If you are regularly updated for news, you know thease words. The people, whose conditions are miserable are poors.

Agriculture is nothing but a livelihood practicesby this backward groups.

Most “Harijans” have poor quality land, in which only coarse cereals can be grown. production will be very low If there is inadequate rainfall in June, around sowing time, and again in September.

So, many people give away their lands to bigger farmers on lease, Balkat, or Batiya

and migrate to other places for livelihood.

 Produces from self cultivated land meets minimum food needs of families for two to six months only. The “Harijans” also depend on the forest to meet their food requirements. for instance collecting Mahuwa (A kind of juicy yellow flower) and plums.

Liquor brewed from mahua sell for the money and  flowers are often the main meal in cold winter days. Mahuwa and situwa is preferred by old hamirpurites.

 For four to eight months of a year, most adult members of families migrate to nearby areas or other states to find work. Those that stay back work as a Bonded Labor of Thakurs and Large Farmers.

With the money they earn, “Harijans” buy wheat, but generally families cannot afford to buy all the wheat they require; hence they mix kodo, a coarse cereal they grow, for making chappatis. 

If they require Emergency cash they needs to contact with local money lenders who charge 5% to 25% interest per month. Some Chit-Fund"s spreading their legs within the poors.

families collected forest produce like mahua, tendu leaves, chironji and amla. While some of the produce, especially mahua, is stored for home consumption, most of it is sold to middlemen at very low rates. June to September, families worked on their own lands; those who owned no land, or rocky patches, migrated to find work. In October, people migrated to get wages for harvesting paddy; some migrated to find other kind of work.

November to January was the most difficult time; no agricultural labor work is available then. Except for those who had been lucky to save some money from wage earnings, families either migrated to seek non-agricultural labor, or borrowed from moneylenders. By a horribly cruel irony, November to January is the 'festival' time of extravagant expenditure and consumption of rich foods for middle class India.

Agriculture in Hamirpur | Suicides | Survival Practices by marginalized groups | Hamirpur Agricultural Profits | Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

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Hamirpur Agricultural Profits

The Agriculture of Hamirpur imparting the lower profits to the national revenue . And there are no any efforts from government side to increase the total productivity.All the farmers in Hamirpur are essentially engaged in subsistence farming, which is highly Dependant on a rainfall.

Since the 1990s, profitability of agriculture has been affected seriously by rising costs used in cultivation like the coste of fertilizers, seeds, diesel,and this is not possible in lower economical Hamirpur.

Mustard was also grown. The yield per bigha was 10 kg. The minimum support price for this commodity that year was Rs 1600 a quintal. Hence, per bigha income from mustard can be assumed to be Rs 160. There was also income from sale of husk - around Rs 250 per bigha. Hence total income per bigha would have been around Rs 3866.

Assuming that households sell off the entire produce from land .Yearly input costs per bigha were as follows:

Fertilisers (1 bag diammonium phosphate + 1 bag urea)     = Rs 1070.00

Seeds (25 kg)                                                                               = Rs 275.00

Rent of diesel engine for pumping up tubewell water           = Rs 400.00

Diesel cost @ Rs 25 litres and use of 25 litres                        = Rs 625.00

Labour cost (ploughing + cutting + threshing)                       = Rs 800.00

Thus the total input costs for a year is Rs 3170 and the net profit per bigha would have been Rs 756. The majority of Hamirpur farmers have less than 10 bighas, and cultivate only in one season; so annual family income from agriculture, for the majority of farmers, in a well-irrigated area, in a year of good monsoon, at assured procurement prices, and assuming there were no disturbances such as a heat wave before harvesting, would have been only Rs 6000-Rs 10,000, taking into account other variables like quality of soil and use of unpaid household labor.

The majority of households with small land area have to depend on additional income by working in the field of large farmers, at road and other government or non-government construction sites. Some households would earn additional income through the sale of milk, goat, eggs or chicken When adequate such opportunities of earnings are not available in and around the village for the households, migration will be held.

The marginalized groups like scheduled tribes have poor agriculture productivity.

Agriculture in Hamirpur | Suicides | Survival Practices by marginalized groups | Hamirpur Agricultural Profits | Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

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Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

As God gifted us good quality of soil. per the data of District-wise crop production statistics 2002-03 data Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Hamirpur districts produced a total of around 2310 tons while the yielding is 3027 kg/hectare. And total annual production of gram in 2002-03 was over 970 tones, while gram is showing  an decrease in average agricultural output per hectare in last some years. The region also accounts for highest production of tur/arhar and masoor. Banda and Hamirpur are the state's top producers of jowar (around 980 tons /year)

However, Hamirpur rank nil in the production of rice.

Except some kinds of grains like Gram, San and Kodo. Yields have increased in Hamirpur over the past few decades, mainly due to increased area under irrigation and comparatively higher use of fertilizers.

However, Hamirpur remains a low agriculture productivity in comprising with Jalaun zone Yield of wheat and pulses and rice are in better condition in Jalaun. However, Hamirpur rank nil in the production  of Rice (see tables).   

Agriculture in Hamirpur | Suicides | Survival Practices by marginalized groups | Hamirpur Agricultural Profits | Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

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Agriculture in Hamirpur

Hamirpur's economy is mostly based on agriculture. District is situated in a Plain sub-region of Yamuna and Betwa, so over 70% of total area is used for cultivation.

According to India’s census figure, 70 per cent of Hamirpur's working population is engaged in agriculture.

Though yields are low due to irrigation facilities were not sufficient.Farmers depended mainly on rain water for irrigation.some other factors that affect the agricultural productivity.

1-Some factors, like weather, are out of the control of the farmer.Unusual rain patterns, such as drought, a long or nil rainy season, early or late frosts, and other factors, can ruin crops and bring agricultural productivity down. The capacity of a given land is also an important factor. Soil cannot be forced to produce beyond capacity, although farmers are using fertilizers so that it can support.

2 -Castles (Anna System) is a another concern.Now a days People are using tractors for cultivation and all other activities of harvesting thus there is no use of bulls in the field while in the past. Hamirpur's agriculture was depends on the labor of bulls.so the cow and there family steed free which decreases the productivity.Main Crop Categories are -

The Rabi crops are grown between the months mid November to April. Rabi crops require irrigation.Examples of Rabi Crops: Wheat, Gram, Pea, Mustard, Linseed, Barley.
Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July.Common kharif crops are-Millet, Maize (corn), Mung bean (green gram), Urad bean (black gram), Pea, Peanut (groundnut)

In 2012, the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported about the farmer suicides in Hamirpur and Banda. Reasons for farmer suicides, such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, genetically modified crops, government policies and public mental health.

Agriculture in Hamirpur | Suicides | Survival Practices by marginalized groups | Hamirpur Agricultural Profits | Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

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Suicides

From past some years we regularly getting some frequent reports of farmers committing suicide in Hamirpur and its surroundings. But no systematic efforts were done either by the government or by non-government organizations to find out the root cause and abolish  it. What we have are only press reports of specific cases when a person dies. 

Some of the suicide cases from the district, reported in newspapers and magazines, were as follows:

Case 1- Chandu alias Tulsidas, 55, of Kasba Sarila, Hamirpur district, had around 12 acres of land, which supported a family of 17 members, including three married sons and their wives and children. However, illness, and the drought, led to diminishing earnings from the land, forcing Chandu to taken loans from moneylenders. Some tractor dealer agents approached him and sold him the idea of taking a bank loan for a tractor, to increase income. As an incentive, the agents offered some cash upfront, whereby Chandu could pay some instalments of old debts. Chandu fell for the offer, but in the drought situation, the tractor brought in no income, and Chandu's total debt burden stood at Rs 8 lakhs.

As he was unable to repay any of this money, some moneylenders took possession of part of his land. Chandu approached his relatives for help, but nobody could help him. On May 8, 2007, after meeting some relatives in a nearby village, he killed himself by jumping into a well. 

Case 2- Kumhau pur village in Lalpura Zone, A farmer named Rajaram Nishad, 55, S/o Badanga has died by hang on a babool tree.His son named Anoop said that his father had two acre of cultivated land in which he cultivated Grass which was completly ruin due to untimely rain.

Both of the examples shows hunger or poverty-related deaths. Rather, they indicate gullibility. They also indicate high degree of desperation in a land where there appears little opportunity for quickly increasing one's income through legal means.

The figure of Banda district is highly abnormal.Banda district's Census 2001 population figure of 15.37 lakhs, one can expect around 30 to 40 suicides a year in the district. The figure quoted by Dainik Jagran implied that in 2004, the number of suicides in Banda was over ten times the 'norm'.

Agriculture in Hamirpur | Suicides | Survival Practices by marginalized groups | Hamirpur Agricultural Profits | Agricultural Production of Hamirpur

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Migration

The term migration refers to the movement of population from one place to another. It may be of temporary or permanent type. According to  2002 BPL Survey Data  45% to 60% of households across Hamirpur villages have at least one member who migrates yearly or permanently inside the country to obtain sufficient income for survival. This income is sent home to family members.

Among all social groups in rural areas, scheduled tribes and scheduled castes are more likely to migrate. Members of Thakur and Brahmin households also migrate, but their reasons are opportunistic - driven by the desire to have a better life.

Temporary migrations may be annual, seasonal or even of a shorter duration, like daily.
about 30-40 per cent of migration is due to economic reasons, especially for seeking employment.

In Hamirpur the rural areas suffering from poverty, unemployment and excessive population-growth forces the youths for migrating to mega cities and industrial towns like Delhi and Surat For seeking casual or seasonal employment 

Majority of these migrants are illiterate or semi-literate and low-skilled workers or labor type who are compelled to leave their village home due to poverty and unemployment. Since district have low level of industrialization accept Bharwa Sumerpur Industrial Area.  

After analyzing the demographic and industrial development conditions one can find out that the cause behind migration is land size, and availability of irrigation. The more the land a household keeps, chances are less to migrate.

At around 9 pm, at Manikpur railway station one can find a good rush waiting for the train to Surat where they work in textile Mills.

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Soil Types In Hamirpur

several kinds of soil are found across Hamirpur. Broadly, the soils fall into following categories:

1- Maar :It is a veriety of black soil.This type of soil contents high organic matter and clay. hence it is good for cultivation without using fertilizers. It is most precious soil.it is mostly found in Muskara. By proper handling it  is suitable for cultivation of gram and jowar.

2-Kabar : It is a black cotton soils and found in three different color. it is highly adhesive due to the clay content. Hence it retains moisture, and quickly turns to dry and into hard blocks.It is mostly found in Hamirpur sub lands as in Sumerpur, muskra and gahrauli. Wheat, gram and rice are cropped on it.

3-Rankar : It found on sloping surfaces of ravine land along river banks.It is a varieties of loamy, alluvial type soil which is suitable for cultivation where irrigation is available. It is a degraded kind of coarse soil found mostly in Rath and Gohand.

4-Purwa : Its type is sandy and variety of red soil,  has some clay content which easily accepts water.It is suited for cultivation of wheat.

5-Kachhar : Dark soils found along river beds and naalas, known as kacchar and tari soils, are used to grow water melons and vegetables.

The above types of soils soils suffers from over-drainage due to a large number of rivers and streams. A number of nalas flowing across the district which makes some parts of land worthless. Land is cut away by fast-flowing water. and flooding leads to loss of  top surface soil.

In Hamirpur, the problem is faced in Rath, Hamirpur and Maudaha tehsils, where a total of 2 lakh hectares, comprising 40% to 60% of the total area is affected. In Mahoba, around 1.5 lakh hectares in Charkhari and Mahoba tehsils is affected, according to data given in the 1988 by Hamirpur district gazetteer.

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Founder Of National Inter College Maudaha

Ram Gopal Gupta was born on 1913 in Maudaha. His father's name was Chhote Lal Gupta. They had completed intermediate.  the patriotic spirit was born in his heart Since childhood. He became a member of a revolutionary party being inspired by Pt Parmanand .In 1925 he published,editing and hosted the Bundelkhand Keshari news paper.He was also paid a good  contribution In a letter 'Satyagrahi' published from banda. Surendra Dutt Bajpeyi was the perator and manager of the letter Satyagrahi . those days These two papers were published in a very secretive way and were the source of political inspiration in entire Bundelkhand. A rigorous imprisonment was given to him for two years due to the active participation in Dhaar Conspiracy . He was a good political friend of Deewaam Shatrughan Singh. A few days later he assumed the membership of Congress team. 

Soon, Ram Gopal Gupta became the key leaders in the district. He had participated actively in 1930 Salt Satyagraha, Civil disobedience in 1932,  individual satyagraha in 1940, and Quit India movement  in 1942. He had to face has to face total 6 years' of  rigorous imprisonment. There are many of his works in political movements could not caught out by British rule and he managed on the basis of their labor and diligence. he was the member of the provincial and All India Congress Committee for many years. In 1957 he was elected chairman of Maudaha. From 1960 to 1970 he was the chairman of the District Council and from 1962 to 1970 became the manager of the cooperative banks of Hamirpur. 

District Council had received multidimensional progress during his tenure. the district which was He was renovated several historical Buildings and monuments like Fort of Maratha kings in Srinagar , Fortress of Arjun Singh Pawar in Sugira, Charkhari Fort and Kulphadh fortress is specially notable. Due to the support of Ram Gopal Gupt the Congress building in Mahoba and statues of 50 goddess stored in it is constructed which is unique in the whole of Uttar Pradesh. He was the founder of National Inter college, Maudaha.

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Industries

Sumerpur industries

It is true that industries are mother of prosperity. As we know that hamirpur is a under-developed region. Hens Industrialisation considered backward due to unorgnised system and lack of skilled labour. 

Some years ago there were several small and tiny industrial units were scattered across the region at Bharwa Sumerpur like Veenus Steel, Eswarya Ispaat, Hamirpur Alloys, Juhi steel, Rimjhim ispat ltd, Vaibhaw Ispat, Rekan Mill, and Hans Casting. The other industries were - Dhruw Sement, Sudarshan oxygen, Wandna Steel, Gautam Sement, Shushila Paper Mill, Jubli Paper Mill, Shiva Cement, Rajat Cardboard factory near Pandhari road. Sant Boxes Mills, Amit Packaging, Hamvila Pashu Ahar Kendra.

All these factories provided employment to the local as well as other state employees. But due to unpaid loans and limited skilled workforce most of the factories are locked out or about to close.

Currently  Hindustan unilever, Rimjhim, Juhi, Hans metals and Amit Packaging are running with continuty.

There is only one large manufacturing units in the entire region is Hindustan Unilever - a unit of the public sector. Other remaining most profitable industry in the region is casting of iron ore like - Rimjhim Ispat Ltd and Hans metmetals ltd.

There are no major export-oriented industries accept  Iron Steel rods and wire from  Rimjhim Ispat Ltd.

Inspit of these factories no modern industry has emerged in this region. But now a days administration are taking attention in this field and new factories are setting up like KD oil mills and concrete poles plants.

Bharwa Sumerpur is the only source of industrial' employment.

Sugar cane are produce in the district as a row material but there is no any sugar factory found in the district. Also The tourism sector is under-developed and only a few persons are doing efforts.

A variety of cottage industries are also found in district which are the small units or business involved in manufacturing a variety of products.such as Ghee, khowa, paneer, leather footware, brass images and pots. Some time ago the weavers of Village pauthiya were famous for handloom products and quilt printing but due to financial problem this industries are about to ruin.

In some parts people spins the san fabric for creating Taper, Pakhari, Mats and baskets.

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Folk Beliefs In Hamirpur

Like every other society of India , Hamirpur also have a lots of Superstition and Ethnic folk belief which existed from past tradition and culture. some of the folk beliefs are.

● Men are the best Species on the world
● All worldly things are mortal beings.
● Tit for tat; Good works and activities get the glory. 
● Brahma is the creator of the universe, Vishnu nurtures and Mahesh (Shiv) is a destructor.
● The deeds which done in this life will get in the next life.
● All things of the world creates, fluctuates and destroys by the will of God.
● Trees have life, To Do not pluck the tree leaves at night.
● Crow Voice is a Sign that someone is about to come. 
● Water of Ganga is put in the mouth of dead person to get him paradise; 
● Ghosts are occupied on plum trees; 
● If youngest person dies becomes Ghost;    ● Ghosts are afraid of fire and iron.
● Witch drinks the blood of human.
● Indra causes the  rain;

● To touch the foot of the virgin girl is virtue.
● Father or an equivalent member of the house does not eat in Daughter's home. 
● To sweeping the home before sunrise is good and inhabits Laxmi (wealth).
● Not to sweep family member is going out.
●The house door should not be south side Is unlucky.
● Planets affects the human life.
● Nine days of Nav Devi Festival is  Divine for every good deeds; To see Jay is auspicious, and to look cat on the way, One eyed man are unlucky.
● Three and seven numbers are unlucky.( teen tigada, kaam bigada).
● To sneeze while some one going out is unlucky , 
● Weeping of dog is unlucky.

There are some very strange folk beliefs such as the Ethnic folk belief that
“Mange Kurmi Baar Na Dey,Gheech Marore Sabro Dey.” 
Place related ideoms 
"Jhansi gale ki phansi, Datiya gale ka haar, Raho lalitpur tab tak, jab tak mile udhar."
Caste related idioms
"Bahman khaway se, thakur rijhaye se, Baniya dabaye se"

Finally, one thing is absolutely true that folk beliefs is the object of human mids.

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